Ni Romain, ni Arabe, Moundar bar Hareth, roi des Tayyés : quand l'Arabie était chrétienne

Ce mémoire porte sur celui que nous avons cru être le dernier roi des Arabes chrétiens du territoire romain, Moundar bar Hareth. En cours de route, nous avons redécouvert le dernier roi des Tayyés romains, un peuple oublié, dont l’histoire est essentielle pour bien comprendre les débuts de l’islam. À partir des œuvres des chroniqueurs syriaques, plus particulièrement de l’histoire de Jean d’Amida, nous avons remonté la piste afin de comprendre l’importance du dernier monarque de la famille de Gabala. Via cet examen des sources, nous analyserons également le corpus grec et arabe pour saisir les aléas de ce peuple d’Arabie, entraînant au passage, la redécouverte d’une polémique intra-chrétienne très ancienne, l’ismaélisme. L’ensemble de cette recherche se veut une étude originale et novatrice des événements entourant la fin de l’alliance traditionnelle entre les Romains et les Tayyés, une histoire singulière pavée de trahisons et d’une crise religieuse insoupçonnée. Ni Romain, ni Arabe, Moundar bar Hareth est figure incontournable du 6e siècle de notre ère. Le présent travail se propose d’analyser le règne du grand roi, plus particulièrement de son aspect religieux, et se divise en quatre parties, les deux premières portant sur les appellations anciennes et la redécouverte du peuple Tayyé. Les deux dernières parties seront consacrées à l’analyse de la carrière de Moundar, l’homme militaire, politique et religieux, en tenant compte de l’histoire des Tayyés de Saracèn

Les occupations de la fin de l’Âge du Bronze et du premier Âge du Fer dans la haute vallée de la Sarre : un état des lieux

Les données relatives aux gisements de la Protohistoire ancienne de la Haute vallée de la Sarre sont particulièrement indigentes malgré le nombre croissant d’opérations d’archéologie préventive menées ces trente dernières années. En se limitant au cadre chronologique Bronze final IIb - Hallstatt D2/D3, l’objectif de cet article est de dresser un état de la documentation disponible dans ce secteur du Plateau lorrain et de faire un point sur l’évolution de l’organisation des sites d’habitats de la fin de l’âge du Bronze et du Premier âge du Fer. Il s’agit également, avec l’exploitation de ces données, de caractériser au mieux les faciès céramiques issus des fouilles récentes afin de discuter de la chronologie des sites découverts lors de prospections ou de fouilles anciennes

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

A ratiometric nanoarchitecture for the simultaneous detection of pH and halide ions using UV plasmon-enhanced fluorescence

In this work, we designed a ratiometric core–shell nanoarchitecture composed of an indium UV plasmonic core, an internal reference (rhodamine B), a pH-sensitive probe (fluorescein), and a halide ion sensor (6-methoxyquinolinium). Immobilizing the fluorophores in distinct silica layers at precise distances from the core modulates the plasmon coupling and tunes the linear concentration range of halide ion detection

Thinking outside the shell : novel sensors designed from plasmon-enhanced fluorescent concentric nanoparticles

The alteration of photophysical properties of fluorophores in the vicinity of a metallic nanostructure, a phenomenon termed plasmon- or metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF), has been investigated extensively and used in a variety of proof-of-concept demonstrations over the years. A particularly active area of development in this regard has been the design of nanostructures where fluorophore and metallic core are held in a stable geometry that imparts improved luminosity and photostability to a plethora of organic fluorophores. This minireview presents an overview of MEF-based concentric core–shell sensors developed in the past few years. These architectures expand the range of applications of nanoparticles (NPs) beyond the uses possible with fluorescent molecules. Design aspects that are being described include the influence of the nanocomposite structure on MEF, notably the dependence of fluorescence intensity and lifetime on the distance to the plasmonic core. The chemical composition of nanocomposites as a design feature is also discussed, taking as an example the use of non-noble plasmonic metals such as indium as core materials to enhance multiple fluorophores throughout the UV-Vis range and tune the sensitivity of halide-sensing fluorophores operating on the principle of collisional quenching. Finally, the paper describes how various solid substrates can be functionalized with MEF-based nanosensors to bestow them with intense and photostable pH-sensitive properties for use in fields such as medical therapy and diagnostics, dentistry, biochemistry and microfluidics

Les occupations de la fin de l’Âge du Bronze et du premier Âge du Fer dans la haute vallée de la Sarre : un état des lieux

International audienc

Familial ventricular aneurysms and septal defects map to chromosome 10p15

Aims Although ventricular septal defects (VSD) are the most common congenital heart lesion, familial clustering has been described only in rare instances. The aim of this study was to identify genetic factors and chromosomal regions contributing to VSD